A Brief Note On The Early Modern Period - 1523 Words

Pax Angeliene Professor Daniel Johnson History 162 12 October 2014 Midterm Essay During the Early Modern Period, International trade routes reached from the Indian Ocean/Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, and for the first time created a global exchange. Although Europe, Africa, Asia, Islamic Empires, and the Americas vary politically, socio-culturally, and economically, they all were forging new global economies and new biological and socio-cultural exchanges. The Europeans wanted to expand their international reach, in order to: meet the demand for spices, find new sources of precious metal, find new trade routes, and spread Christianity. The impact of European conquest resulted with violence and disease, surviving natives then encountered new political, social, and economic organizations, imposed by Europeans. The exchange of goods and people between Europe and the New World brought diseases to the Americas; it also brought new crops, and eventually altered consumption patterns across the globe. The Spanish established the encomienda system, in which the conquerors had the right to employ Native Americans as laborers or to demand tribute from them in exchange for providing food and shelter, it was a legalized slavery. A large decline in the Native’s population was caused by diseases introduced by the Europeans, as well as being overworked. Forced labor diverted local people from tending to their own crops, leading to malnutri tion, and reducedShow MoreRelatedLiberty University Sample Book Review Chhi 520 Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesA work of scholarly repentance, he ably repudiates the posture of western theologians and historians (i.e. Harnack, Bauer, Schleiermacher) toward Africa’s theological legacy (pp. 57-59). His present work is the fruit of thirty years of reading the early African fathers, and in the last fourteen, he has served as the general editor of the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture. From this rich background, Oden develops the book’s resounding thesis: African theology (facilitated by Clement, OrigenRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Debussy s Musical Time Periods1519 Words   |  7 PagesClaude Debussy once said, â€Å"works of art make rules; rules do not make works of art.† No musical time period has seen, nor continues to see, so much change and innovation than the Modern period. Current artists express their own creative visions and use their ideas to sugg est progressive directions for others to follow. The rejection and breakdown of all traditional guidelines unleashed complete freedom across present dimensions, including melody, rhythm, and chord progression. Some of the new musicRead MoreTransition of Music from Classical Era to the Postmodern Era1058 Words   |  5 PagesClassical to the Post-Modern Eras In this essay, I’m going to trace the development of Classical Music from the late 1750s to the Post-Modern era in the 2000s and provide a brief history of music, and how they link together to form what we have today. There are many preconceptions of what the history of music is. Some people think it is mainly a biography of composer’s lives, but they are wrong. The history of music is primarily the history of musical style. In order to appreciate this, it is essentialRead MoreEssay on Maps - Foundations for the Modern World1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe early modern period encompasses roughly 300 years of history, but within this brief period emerged the modern world as we know today. The foundations for national boundaries, the existence and confirmation of faraway continents, the establishment of colonies all took place in this period, and it was a time when globalization in the modern sense came to appear. This period was the harbinger for the interconnected societ y which we live in today, and it was made possible by enterprising nationsRead MoreWomen And Spiritual Equality : New York : Saint Martin s Press, 19981358 Words   |  6 Pagesto show that these misogynistic tendencies stemmed not from Christianity, but from the surrounding secular cultures. Throughout the text, Ranft will be attempting to show the reader that women maintained more spiritual equality with men before the modern era. However, it is the author’s intention in the book merely to document the presence of a tradition of women s spiritual equality throughout the centuries, (xii) not to provide analysis of this presence. Ranft is able to reveal the depth ofRead MoreThe Origins Of The English Language1318 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish’s reassurance as the primary language of England. a. During that year, Normandy was conquered by a French king, which led to the disassociation of the Norman nobles living in England from their Norman homeland. b. According to a site entitled A Brief History of English maintained by Professor Suzanne Kemmer of Rice University, this is significant because the use of English begins to spread once again throughout the noble classes. c. Kohnen (2014) suggests that when a third of the English populationRead MoreA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz The piano has been a pivotal instrument throughout the development of jazz music. Starting with ragtime, which developed out of classical music, all the way to modern jazz the piano has been a foundational instrument upon which many styles have been built. This is a result of the versatility of the instrument, as it has the ability to play accompaniment, rhythm, and solo improvisation simultaneously. Throughout the course of jazz history many musicians haveRead MoreThe Relationship Between Roman Empire And Western Europe1708 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature discusses the broad differences in life styles between modern day Greeks and the Persians. This book illustrates the encounters Herodotus made while he traveled. They named this period of time Greek enlightenment because it illustrated the influence of the Roman Empire as well as the different customs that were adopted outside its borders. Herodotus was not born in Athens but was from Halicarnassos which was a city in Turkey now modern day Bodrum. Herodotus is renowned as the Father of HistoryRead MoreThe Fall Of The Western Roman Empire1352 Words   |  6 Pagescontinent found itself dragged into a very chaotic period. This period known as the dark ages would see numerous kingdoms rise and fall. The constant shifting of territories and fealties made it very difficult for the culture and technologies of the roman age to remain intact. During this period survival of body over ruled the survival of the mind. In 742 CE a boy was born into the Frank kingdom located in what would become modern Belgium. Modern history would recognize this boy as Charles I or CharlesRead MoreThe Development of Counseling and Psychotherapy1862 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction It is important to note from the onset that though the development of theories relating to counseling and psychotherapy was still taking place at the beginning of the 20th century, it is believed that the foundation for the same was laid long before this period. In that regard, Sigmund Freuds contribution to the counseling and psychotherapy field cannot be overstated especially when it comes to the study of the human mind. In this text, I concern myself with counseling and psychotherapy

The Man Within The Shadows - 1414 Words

The Man within the Shadows Within the era of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was a time that manifested the act of slavery and segregation. In these centuries, the African American Literature was born and based its focus on themes of interest of a select group of people who were known as Negroes, along with oral poetry, gospel music, blues and rap (â€Å"African America literature† 1). African American Literature began with slavery and colonization, however, was not originated until the attention of the Caucasian audience was pronounced with the emergence of Frederick Douglas and Phillis Wheatley that were formal slaves during that specific decade (â€Å"African America literature† 1). The roots of the formation of this literature began to develop through the views of the black man’s form of living and struggles. For that very reason Waldron states in the Critical Survey of Poetry, â€Å"All the works of Langston Hughes illustrate the depth of his commitment to a celebration of b lack American life in all its forms and make immediately evident the reason why he has been proclaimed the poet laureate of black America†. (Waldron 1). One of the characteristics of the African American Literature, is the role of the black American descendants of Africa within the larger American Society, as explained in black history month (â€Å"African American Literature† 1). In the poems â€Å"We Wear the Mask† and â€Å"I, too, Sing America,† they come to unfold the characteristics of the African AmericanShow MoreRelatedRichard Wright s Life Was Characterized By Poverty952 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Man who Killed a Shadow’, he manifests this fear within the character of Saul Sanders, who reacts to overwhelming fear with subconscious violence. This fear is presented immediately to the reader when Wright opens the story, writing, â€Å"It all began long ago when he was a tiny boy who was already used, in a fearful sort of way, to livin g with shadows. . . . [T]here were subtler shadows which he saw and which others could not see: the shadows of his fears. And this boy had such shadows and heRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Godfather 1463 Words   |  6 PagesFrancis Ford Coppola works within a lot of different genres, but still manages to capture the essence of one genre. I’m unsure whether to call it a genre or not, but it certainly is one of the basic stories told throughout time, rebirth. Each tale deals with a man discovering and being incorporated into the darkness surrounding him. He’s reborn into that darkness. Either with a renewal of light or death. Each movie works within its genre and also twists it to tell his own, more dramatic tale. OneRead MoreThe Allegory Of The People1374 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who reside deep within the cave would be confined in chains in such a manner that movement of the entire body was restrict except for the ability to face forward toward a flat cave w all. Behind the chained individuals was a roaring fire which was the only source of light in the cave although none of the people could actually see it. From this light source and with the use of puppets and various instruments being placed between the fire and the people would cast a shadow on the wall, mimickingRead MoreHamlet : Jungian Perspectives On Psychology And Religion1558 Words   |  7 Pagesand â€Å"extroversion† have become standard words. Most people are aware of the connection between the â€Å"individual psyche† and the â€Å"collective unconscious.† Many of us have secretly wondered about our own â€Å"complex neurosis.† The influence of the darker â€Å"shadow† side of life is the subject of concern as we seek to understand the apparent inhumanity of our species. All of this and more has come to us through the voice of Jung who, perhaps more than any other single individual, has shown that psychology andRead MorePlatos Allegory Of The Cave By Ralph Waldo Emerson839 Words   |  4 PagesA collective of shadows moves along the walkway, with manikins raised over their heads. While the puppeteers own shadows are clouded by the boundary, the light of the fire throws the outlines of their manikins onto the far wall with the goal that the detainees see the shadow-states of people, creatures, and different items glimmering before them. At the point when the puppeteers voices reverberate around the surrender, they appear to the detainees to originate from these shadow animals, not fromRead MoreThe Bride of Frankenstein Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesthemes, vampire. Horror films are designed to frighten and panic that cause dread and alarm within our hearts, and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying and shocking endings at the same time entertaining us with excitement and therapeutic experience. Most horror films are designed to show the dark side of life, the forbidden and strange events that take place within the society and our lives. Moreover they deal with our most primal nature and its fears:Read More Socrates Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthat man has the ability to look into the world of truth, but when one is caught up in superficiality then truth does not receive the attention and glory that it should. This is why Socrates feels that the arts, such as poetry, should be censored; it would help decrease the digression of society’s intellect. In today’s world television and movies are complications that only hinder the thought processes in society.When people are consumed in the shallow world, they see reality as mere shadows comparedRead More Distress in The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock - The Distress of J.Alfred Prufrock The human psyche is divided into three distinct aspects: the Persona, the Shadow, and the Anima/Animus; at least, it is according to Jungian Psychology. Drawing heavily on the theories developed by Freud, Jungs psychological concepts tell us that if these three facets are not properly integrated - that is, if one of the three is overly dominant, or repressed, or all three are in conflict with each other - then an individualsRead MoreHume Personal Identity Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesWith all of the influences within the world, it can often be difficult to determine who we are and how we became the person that we are today. Although many people believe that from the time we are born, we begin to develop our own personal identities that will differentiate us from everyone else within the world, others believe that our identities are a consequent of the influences that we encounter throughout our lives. Personal identity is the concept that you develop about yourself that evolvesRead MoreMacbeth - Appearance vs. Reality1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthe trust of others and to conceal the disturbing reality of dark thoughts within. Shakespeare’s message about the theme is that appearances can be deceiving. I have chosen to present this idea with the symbol of a man with a halo holding a flower with the shadow of the same man with devil horns holding a knife, as it clearly portrays the idea of appearing innocent and pure, but in reality, containing malicious thoughts within. I also chose the quotation â€Å"Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent

Australian Studies for Pub Culture - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Studiesfor Pub Culture. Answer: In Australia, drinking is considered as an intrinsic part of the Australian culture. Breweries business is carried out on large scale in the country and this industry spends lump sum amount in creating advertisements in order to incarcerate the interest of the drinking audience. In Australia, the pub culture has a religious importance in the Australian secular society and carries the idea of masculinity (Fiske, Hodge and Turner 2016). Drinking is regarded as an inherent part of male bonding ritual and beer is considered as one of the most preferred drinks. Since the Australian men already drink beer, these advertisements are not created to entice the new alcohol drinkers but to make the brand take over a greater market share of the prevailing drinks (Turner 2014). The Carlton Draught Beer ad depicts that the Australian society largely links the consumption of beer as a symbol of masculinity and is regarded as stereotype society. This masculine beer brand advertisement is deeply embedded in the Australian culture of drinking and the notion of masculinity. In alcohol commercials, especially beer advertisements, masculine behavioural conduct is encouraged, in particular, risk taking conduct. Such commercials usually lay emphasis on situations where a man overcomes an obstacle. In Australia, since drinking is often entwined with sports, the commercials, which represents play represents playing sports, camping, risk and adventure or socializing in pubs and bars, as the central them of the advertisement (Ewart 2016). Such commercials usually include an element of risk and danger. The pubs or the bars are used as a setting for measuring masculinity in skills such as drinking ability, billiards and strength. The history of masculinity emerged during the 1980s along with the womens and the gender history. Prior to the evaluation of womens history, there was a strict gendering with respect to masculinity that referred to the fact how men were related to domesticity, family life and household. Principles were created in the minds of the children at educational institution and the community that gradually became a significant part of Australian stereotypes. The association with masculinity is also common in other Western societies. The concept of mateship is often brought into play in the beer commercials. After the British colonised Australia in the eighteenth century there were convicts who were predominantly male who dwelled in large groups and then there were squatters and bushmen who made an attempt to turn the bushland into farmland (Gattario et al. 2015). The common thread here is that the groups were predominantly comprised men who worked together under hostile conditions- the import ance of their masculine bonds developed into mateship and is still an integral part of eth Australian identity. The pubs, bars, sporting culture of the country lay emphasize on the significance of mateship and the substantial role played by mateship in male bonding. This form of mateship promotes racism and is regarded as exclusionary towards the females. Since masculinity are interrelated with each other, drinking is interlinked with both the concepts. The consumption of alcohol, especially, beer, in Australia is a culture that is fashioned by the advertisements therefore; it is slightly difficult to not remember decades of alcohol advertisements, in particular, beer commercials that have been branding the drink by associating with mateship and masculinity. It is argued that the Carlton Draught Beer reflects the Australian culture that highlights consuming beer as a rite with respect to males who are expected to underpin their manhood amongst their friends by engaging themselves into beer consumption. The commercial depicts a strong symbol that demonstrates social class and gender (Lips 2016). Several authors have argued that beer consumption is so related to males that to associate females with beer would be something that is polar opposites. Amongst the universal view, the concept of Beer drinking female emerged. However, most of the females asserted that the concept Beer drinking females is not appropriate (Powell 2015). The rationale behind such statement is that Australian females are taught from their childhood the social relationship between wine and females and the relationship between beer and males. In order to challenge the beer-drinking females stereotype concept, the Australian government encouraged the females to consume beer by introducing chick-beer branded as a boutique light lager which reflects feminity as it splattered the color pink in the entire package. The tag line of eth product that said chick beer, because changing the world is hard work. The product was aimed at strengthening gender separation with respect to consumption of alcohol (Fiske, Hodge and Turner 2016). However, the product was subject to criticism because the brand suggests that drinking light beer is good but the females must not consume full strength beer for men. On one hand, the product was introduced to break the mould regarding the beer consumption stereotype by females, on the other hand, it warns the females from drinking beer meant for men as it is stronger, thus, the concept of masculinity and mateship still persist. However, this essay dicusses the expanding marvel of the beer drinking female. A brand has attempted to do away with the stereotype concept how beer consumption is entwined with masculinity and mateship. The brand that has attempted to make this transition is named as Corona. Corona does not represent the visual indicators that are common in other beer commercials like Carlton Draught Beer. In fact, the brand Corona suggests adventure, positive escapism and relaxation. It is interesting as though it does not directly target the women but it does attempt to include women as characters that are beyond the argued standard sex object (Johnston et al. 2016). Nevertheless, the commercial has been criticised for not being gender neutral as the commercial tends to lean towards the men largely. The Corona commercial features two men with their two girlfriends, which arguably has been placed to twist any form of homosexual implication. Although the commercial is not ground-breaking but to some extent it has attempted to challenge the stereotype concept about beer consumption and getting the viewers to be used to females in such a situation. The Carlton Draught beer commercial have created their brand image keeping in mind the Australian values: the easy-going Australian men who loves to be outdoor with their friends and family to barbeques, bar and pub, in particular in order to escape from the chaos of their daily lives. Some men even drink beers in order to show off their status and to portray themselves as a manly man to their peers. The environment influences these men and encourages the gender segregation (Brooks 2014). It is a fact that Australian Beer commercials present an eccentric picture of the prevalent culture of the nation. It is accurate to some extent, but it reflects a part of the Australian society as well (Waitt and Clement 2016). Drinking is an inherent part of Australian culture but not every Australian consumes alcohol as is depicted in these commercials. Today, beer consumption is not only restricted to males, many females consumes beer as well, thus breaking the age-old stereotype concept. A typical Australian male symbolizes the concept of masculinity that is depicted in the advertisements but not every male conforms to the particular form of masculinity. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that Australian men relates their masculinity to beer consumption with pride and it is considered as a national identity. According to the several authors, the political and historical writings lacked an appropriate definition of the gender and laid more emphasis on the feminine perspectives. The author suggests that it is high time that historians move ahead and focus more on the equality of sexual characteristics as the fundamental category of historical analysis. Reference List Fiske, J., Hodge, B. and Turner, G., 2016.Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture. Routledge. Brooks, K., 2014. The beer necessities: Or, reaching out to the past to create fiction.Writing Queensland, (247), p.10. Ewart, H.P., 2016.Gentleman squatters,self-mademen and soldiers: masculinities in nineteenth century Australia(Doctoral dissertation). Fiske, J., Hodge, B. and Turner, G., 2016.Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture. Routledge. Gattario, K.H., Frisn, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Ricciardelli, L.A., Diedrichs, P.C., Yager, Z., Franko, D.L. and Smolak, L., 2015. How is mens conformity to masculine norms related to their body image? Masculinity and muscularity across Western countries.Psychology of Men Masculinity,16(3), p.337. Johnston, R., Stafford, J., Pierce, H. and Daube, M., 2016. Alcohol promotions in Australian supermarket catalogues.Drug and Alcohol Review. Lips, H.M., 2016.A new psychology of women: Gender, culture, and ethnicity. Waveland Press. Powell, S.J., 2015. Masculinity and choral singing: An Australian perspective.International Journal of Music Education,33(2), pp.233-243. Turner, B.S., 2014. Australia: the debate about hegemonic culture.Dominant Ideologies (RLE Social Theory), p.158. Waitt, G. and Clement, S., 2016. Women drinking alcohol: assembling a perspective from a Victorian country town, Australia.Gender, Place Culture,23(8), pp.1121-1134.

Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock free essay sample

An analysis of one frame in the film followed by a discussion of the central theme of the movie in relation to the selected frame. The paper describes a scene in the film Psycho where the leading female character is brutally murdered while showering. It discusses the cinematography and shows how the portrayal of the scene evokes emotions in the audience. The paper analyzes how Alfred Hitchcock uses techniques in order to achieve viewer participation. The shower scene in Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho is one of the most famous in the history of the cinema. Even those who havent seen the picture, there is no doubt that they are familiar with this scene. This scene has set the standard to all the subsequent horror movies and duplicated rather badly in most of the horror pictures. The scene sets the theme of the whole picture and is one of the most violent scenes of the picture. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Lambert Surname Meaning and Family History

Lambert Surname Meaning and Family History The Lambert surname is a Low German form of the name Landberht or Old English Landbeorht, meaning bright land or light of the land, derived  from the Germanic elements land meaning land and berht, meaning bright or famous. The surname may also have derived as an occupational name for lamb-herd. Lambert is the 27th most common last name in France. Surname Origin: French, English, Dutch, German Alternate Surname Spellings: LAMBERTH, LAMBETH, LAMBUTH, LAMBER, LAMBERTE, LAMBURT, LAMBRETH, LUMBERT, LAMBRECHT, LAMBERTIS Famous People with the Surname LAMBERT Miranda Lambert  -  American singer and songwriterPaul Lambert  - Scottish football (soccer) playerAdam Lambert  - American singerAlbert Edward Lambert - British architectAylmer Bourke Lambert  - British botanistJohann Heinrich Lambert   - Swiss mathematician and physicistJoseph-Franà §ois Lambert  - French adventurer and diplomatPercy E. Lambert - race car driver; first person to drive a car 100 miles in an hourJordan Wheat Lambert - American chemist; helped to invent Listerine ®Rachel Lambert Bunny Mellon - American  horticulturalist,  gardener, and philanthropist; granddaughter of Jordan Wheat Lambert Where is the LAMBERTSurname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Lambert surname is most prevalent in the United States, where it ranks as the 294th most common surname. There are greater numbers of Lamberts based on percentage of population, however, in countries with a sizable French-speaking population, including France (where the name ranks 20th), Monaco (23rd), Belgium (26th), Bermuda (31st), Luxembourg (34th), and Canada (134th). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate the Lambert surname is especially common in northern France, especially in the regions of Champagne-Ardenne and Franche-Comte along the border with Belgium. It is also especially common in the Wallonie region of Belgium and in Quebec, Canada.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname LAMBERT French Surname Meanings and OriginsDoes your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names. How to Research French AncestryLearn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated. The Lambert DNA ProjectThis project seeks to establish relationships among individuals with the Lambert surname- and variants such as Lambard, Lamberth, Lambeth, Lambreth, Lamburt, Lombard and Lumbert- on a worldwide basis, using Y-DNA testing in combination with traditional genealogy research. Lambert Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lambert family crest or coat of arms for the Lambert surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LAMBERT  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lambert  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lambert query. FamilySearch - LAMBERT GenealogyExplore over 2.5 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lambert surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - LAMBERT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Lambert. GeneaNet - Lambert  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lambert surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Lambert Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Lambert surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Dissolve Styrofoam or Polystyrene in Acetone

Dissolve Styrofoam or Polystyrene in Acetone Dissolving Styrofoam or another polystyrene product in acetone is a spectacular demonstration of the solubility of this plastic in an organic solvent. It also illustrates just how much air is in the Styrofoam. All you need to do is to pour a bit of acetone into a bowl, and place Styrofoam beads, packing peanuts, chunks of foam, or even a Styrofoam cup in the container. The Styrofoam will dissolve in the acetone much like sugar dissolves in  hot water. Since Styrofoam is mostly air, you may be surprised by how much (or, in the end, how little) foam will dissolve in the acetone. A cup of acetone is enough to dissolve an entire bean bags worth of styrofoam beads. How It Works Styrofoam is made of polystyrene foam. When the polystyrene dissolves in the acetone, the air in the foam is released. This makes it look like youre dissolving a massive quantity of material into a small volume of liquid. You can see a less-dramatic version of the same effect by dissolving other polystyrene items in acetone. Common polystyrene products include disposable razors, plastic yogurt containers, plastic mailers, and CD jewel cases. The plastic dissolves in just about any organic solvent, not just acetone. Acetone is found in some nail polish removers. If you cant find this product, you could dissolve styrofoam in gasoline just as easily. Its best to do this project outdoors because acetone, gasoline, and other organic solvents tend  to be toxic when inhaled.

Driving. Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Driving. Information Technology - Essay Example A mention of programming to a non programmer sends shivers down the spine. However, few drivers do not realize how easy programming can be if only they understood similarities that exist between the two activities. Most drivers would agree that turning a steering wheel, engaging acceleration pedal and so on requires the use of muscles but certainly not much. On the other hand, programming or instructing a computer requires the use of intelligence in selecting proper instructions, anticipating response from the machine etc (Kent, 2006, 76). Just like driving, intelligence needed in programming is certainly not much especially if a person can relate programming to driving. It would not be possible to learn how to drive without involving yourself in the act. A person should understand that a computer only does what it is instructed to do just like a car follows the direction pointed by the driver. The computer system is able to utilize the CPU to perform a set of four basic operations c alled machine cycle on every instruction. First the control unit fetches the instruction from memory. Second, it decodes the instruction into commands that the computer will understand and then execute the command. Finally, the control unit writes the final result into the memory (Keith, 2006, 7). This process can be illustrated by a scenario where a person has to drive to a location he or she has not previously visited but needs to get there out of necessity. The four operations of the machine cycle are replicated in most activities that we do everyday. Driving to a place where a person has never been before is one of these activities and it requires plenty of careful planning. Any aspiring programmer must be able to conceptualize the four basic operations of the machine cycle and this can be done best by comparing the whole idea to a person going to visit a new friend in a location one has not been to before. Through twists and turns of fate, you happen to meet a nice person with whom you would be very glad to sit down and share a cup of coffee as you engage each other in some meaningful discourse. You have a problem that is bothering you and suddenly you happen to bump on someone with the solution. Forget about the nature of the problem and focus on how you get to be acquainted with the person and what follows afterwards. You happen to overhear someone discussing an issue with others that is related to a personal problem that you are going through. You later decide to talk to the person in private and the person is only more than willing to help. Unfortunately, since the person is so busy and is in a hurry, he decides to tell you where you can meet one evening and he forgets to give you phone number and all you can do is to find about his place of residence on your own. The only thing that you got is little clue of where he lives but you have never been to the place before. To drive to the place would require you plan your journey pretty carefully to avoid missing the place. To this end, the plans that you make would be pretty much be similar to the four operations of the machine cycle. The driver must bear in mind that the person told him he is only found at the place of his residence at a certain time in the evening and therefore should avoid as much as possible any delay related issues. The driver who in this case must not disclose any details of his activity due to its

Carlos Slim Helu - Future of his company Research Paper

Carlos Slim Helu - Future of his company - Research Paper Example nchez-Runde, and Nardon 192). Therefore, this essay explores the future of Carlos Slim Helu’s company in terms of economic prospects and market share. Essentially, Carlos Slim Helu has made himself a name in the world of entrepreneurship due to his relentless efforts in doing global business (Casanova 28). Currently, the business tycoon owns a chain of about 200 companies that operate in Latin America and even beyond to the extent of employing over 200,000 people (Healy 129). This actually means that he is a man who holds a significant stake in the economy of the states of Latin America by his businesses. Since he has used his personal resources in improving the welfare of the people of Latin America especially the immediate communities in which his companies were situated, the legacy of Carlos Slim is one that will never go away very soon (Steers, Sa?nchez-Runde, and Nardon 192). Perhaps it is worth noting that Carlos Slim, through his fortune, helped educate over 165,000 Mex ican people to the university level. This great and commendable achievement won him the heart of many (Casanova 28). In this respect, many people particularly the Mexicans, have full confidence in his company and products offered. In addition, Carlos Slim did a great deal of work when he came with the initiative of building rural schools so that the rural folk could take their children to school (Steers, Sa?nchez-Runde, and Nardon 192). In terms of justice, the business mogul bailed over 50,000 Mexicans from jail because they were unfairly detained and they could not afford the bail. Perhaps these factors have led to his business booming in Mexico and beyond. Lastly but more importantly, it is important to note the fact that he has reserved over $4 billion for education in addition to $6 billion for other programs including but not limited to his Telmex Foundation (Casanova 28). As the world’s richest man, Carlos Slim has invested in building extensive networks with some of t he world’s most powerful figures including heads of states in order to penetrate his businesses further into many countries and consequently, conquer the global market share (Casanova 28). With this competitive edge in the market, the companies of Carlos Slim are able to survive any turbulence in the market that will send other companies winding up and for this reason, it is proper to insinuate that Carlos Slim together with his companies, are here to stay (Casanova 28). Although several critics have come strongly against the business mogul, Carlos Slim has always been relentless in his business enthusiasm particularly when it comes to dealing with sharp criticisms (Casanova 28). While he has had to deal with such criticisms as being a monopolist who will go any length in order to floor his business rival, Carlos Slim has taken it positively and instead of retorting to such allegations. Besides, he has instead opted to direct his effort to improving the world through educatio n, health, food, and justice (Steers, Sa?nchez-Runde, and Nardon 192). When it comes to collaborating with other tycoons, billionaire Carlos Slim Helu tops the list (Healy 129). This is particularly so when it comes to the search for the untapped opportunities in the world. In this regard, Carlos Slim

Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn Essay Example for Free

Empiricism Semantics and Ontology Carn Essay I. The Problem of Abstract Entities Empiricists attempt to limit themselves to nominalistic language, a language not containing references to abstract entities such as properties, classes, relations, numbers, propositions, etc. They treat mathematics as a mere calculus wherein no interpretation is given or can be given. However, abstract entities are impossible to avoid for some scientific contexts. The theory of meaning and truth is the problem of abstract entities in relation to semantics1. Semanticists claim that certain expressions designate certain entities, including abstract entities2. This violates the basic principles of empiricism and leads back to a metaphysical ontology3 of the platonic kind. Carnap rejects the idea that the use of such language embraces Platonic ontology, but is rather compatible with empiricism and scientific thinking. II. Linguistic Frameworks4 Carnap believes that for someone to speak of a new kind of entities in his language, he must construct a linguistic framework, a system of new ways of speaking and is subject to new rules. To understand these entities, we must recognize the two fundamental  questions concerning the reality of these entities: (1) Internal questions or the questions of existence of the new entities within the framework; and (2) External questions or the questions of existence of the system of entities as a while. Internal questions can be answered by new forms of expressions either by logical or empirical methods. External questions, on the other hand, are in need of a closer examination. The world of things is the simplest kind of entities we deal with everyday language and upon our acceptance of the thing  language with its framework for things, we can raise internal questions like â€Å"Is there a white piece of paper on my desk? †, â€Å"Are unicorns real or imaginary? † and these can be answered by empirical investigation. The results of this investigation can be confirmed or disconfirmed based on explicit rules for the evaluation, which is the main concern of epistemology. The rules of the framework claim that in order for something to be considered real, it must fit into a system at a particular space-time position along with other things  considered as real. The external question of the reality of the thing world is not asked by scientists but by philosophers and is given affirmative answers by realists, and negative answers from subjective idealists. This question is never resolved because it is wrongly framed. To be real in the scientific context means to be an element of the system, hence, this concept cannot be meaningfully applied to the system. Those who question the reality of the thing world are not expecting of a theoretical question, rather, a practical question which  would affect the structure of our language; hence, we must decide whether or not to adapt the forms of expression in the framework. We have accepted the thing language since our earlier years and now we are given the choice whether or not to continue using the thing language or to restrict ourselves to sense-date, to construct an alternative language with new structure and rules, or to refrain from speaking at all. However, Carnap believes that none of the above-mentioned choices is practical. So, he explained that the  acceptance of the thing language does not imply the acceptance of the existence of the thing world, but the acceptance of a certain form of language, accepting rules in order to form, test, or reject statements, and the idea of the reality of the thing world cannot be among these statements because it cannot be formulated in the thing language or in any other theoretical language. Questions regarding the efficiency, fruitfulness and simplicity of the use of the thing language are not yes-no questions but rather questions of degree. But it is wrong to say that â€Å"The fact of the efficiency of the thing language is confirming evidence for the reality of the thing world,† rather, â€Å"This fact makes it advisable to accept the thing language. † Carnap used the example of the system of numbers as an example of a system which is of a logical rather than a factual nature, based on the rules of the new expressions: 1 SEMAN? CS IS THE STUDY OF MEANINGS AND THE RELA? ON OF SIGNS AND SYMBOLS AND WHAT THEY SIGNIFY OR DENOTE. 2 E. G. PROPER? ES AS DESIGNATED BY PREDICATES AND PROPOSI? ONS AS DESIGNATED BY SENTENCES. 3 ONTOLOGY IS THE PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF REALITY AND IS THE DOCTRINE OF UNIVERSAL AND NECESSARY CHARACTERIS? CS OF ALL EXISTENCE. 4 A LINGUIS? C FRAMEWORK IS A SET OF LINGUIS? C CONVEN? ONS WHICH DETERMINE THE WAY IN WHICH WE SE#LE EXISTENCE PROBLEMS OF A CERTAIN sort. (1) numerals like â€Å"five† and sentence forms like â€Å"there are five books on the table† (2) the general term â€Å"number† for the new entities, and sentence forms like â€Å"five is a number† (3) expressions of properties of numbers (odd, prime), relations (greater than), and functions (plus), and sentence forms like  Ã¢â‚¬Å"two plus three is five. † (4) numerical variables (m,n,etc) and quantifiers for universal sentences (for every n,†¦. ) and existential sentences (there is an n such that†¦) with the customary deductive rules Empirical investigation is impossible to answer the internal question, â€Å"Is there a prime number greater than a hundred? †, rather it can be answered through logical analysis. He also introduced the system of propositions wherein any declarative sentence can be substituted by a variable. Every sentence that comes in the form â€Å"†¦is a proposition† is considered analytic. This framework included three constructs: (1) â€Å"For every p, either p or not –p† (2) â€Å"There is p such that p is not necessary and not –p is not necessary. † (3) â€Å"There is p such that p is a proposition. † (1) and (2) are both internal assertions of existence while (3) is an implication that there are propositions. Lastly, in the spatio-temporal coordinate system for physics, the new entities are the space-time points. Each point is an ordered quadruple of four real numbers (3 spatial and 1 temporal coordinate). It is not forced on us but is suggested by common observation. The physical state of these space-time points is described through qualitative predicates or through ascribing numbers such as mass, temperature, etc. Moving on to this physical coordinate system requires a decision on how to use language. Carnap argues that the introduction of such forms into our language is a matter of degree, and that the formulation in the form â€Å"real or not† will be inadequate. Many philosophers argue that the affirmation of the reality of the entity of the language shall come prior to the introduction of new language forms, and Carnap strongly disagrees. He claims that a new way of speaking needs not be justified because in the first place, it does not imply any assertion of reality, but only acceptance of a new framework. III. What Does Acceptance of a Kind of Entities Mean? The acceptance of a new kind of entities is represented in the language by the introduction of a framework of new forms of expressions to be used according to a new set of rules. The two essential steps into the introduction of the framework are: (1) the introduction of a general term, a predicate of higher level, for the new kind of entities, permitting us to say of any particular entity that it  belongs to this kind5; and (2) the introduction of variables of the new type. After the formulation of the new forms of language, they can now create internal questions that may either be empirical or logical, and be addressed by true answers that are either factually true or analytic. Carnap debunks the idea that the acceptance of a new framework is an assertion of the reality of the entities. He argues that the question whether or not to accept the new entities and the new linguistic form is a practical question and not a theoretical question. It cannot be judged as true or false because it is not an assertion, rather, it can be judged as being more or less expedient, fruitful and conducive. IV. Abstract Entities in Semantics In semantical meaning analysis, certain expressions are often said to designate (or name or denote or signify) certain extra- linguistic entities. Ex. â€Å"The word ‘red’ designates a property of things. † â€Å"The word ‘five’ designates a number. † Empiricists admit that these are meaningful expressions but reject the belief as they see these as implicitly presupposed by those semantical statements. 5 E. G. â€Å"RED IS A PROPERTY†, â€Å"FIVE IS A NUMBER† This belief is criticized as hypostatization, or treating as names expressions which are not names. Carnap used the example of â€Å"Fido†, his dog, as a name that designates his dog Fido, while red and five are not names and are not supposed to designate anything. To deal with this criticism, Carnap clarifies abstract entities as designata: (a) Five designates a number. This presupposes that our language L contains the forms of expressions which we have called the framework of numbers, in particular, numerical variables and the general term number. If L contains these forms, the following is an analytic statement in L. (b) Five is a number. To make the statement (a) possible, L must contain an expression like designates or is a name of for the semantical relation of designation. If suitable rules for this term are laid down, the following is likewise analytic: (c) Five designates five. Since (a) follows from (c) and (b), (a) is likewise analytic. You must accept these as true statements if you accept the framework of numbers. Carnap acknowledges the need for theoretical justification for internal assertions but argues that it is wrong to demand forsu ch when it comes to acceptance of system of entities. He cites Ernest Nagel who asked for evidence relevant for affirming with warrant that there are such entities as infinitesimals or propositions. He required the evidence to be logical and dialectical. And so Carnap provides an example of this problem of proof: â€Å"Here are three books. † The framework of the sentence allows us to communicate but the question on the ontological reality of the system of numbers continues. One philosopher believes that numbers are real entities so there is no problem in using the  numerical framework for semantical statements. A nominalistic opponent, on the other hand, says there are no numbers. For Carnap, numbers may still be used as meaningful expressions but they are not names and there are no entities designated by them. The term numbers and numerical variables must only be used as abbreviating devices: i. e. to translate them into the nominalistic thing language. He believes that there is no possible evidence relevant for both philosophers. V. Conclusion Carnap’s stand on using semantical methods depended not on the ontological question of existence of abstract entities but onthe qu estion whether or not the rise of abstract linguistic forms is expedient and fruitful for semantical analyses6. This is no yes-or-no question. It dealt with a matter of degree, by their efficiency as instruments, by the . . ratio of the results achieved to the amount and complexity of the efforts required. He challenges the nominalists to offer better arguments than merely appealing to ontological insight; probably a semantical method without any references at all to abstract entities and by simpler means, achieves the same results as other methods. Carnap  pointed out that dogmatic prohibitions are both futile and harmful that looking back to history, traces of slow development rooted to religious, metaphysical, mythological, and other irrational sources. And so by granting freedom to use any form of expression useful to them, those useless forms will sooner or later be eliminated. Carnap ended with a reminder, â€Å"Let us be cautious in making assertions and critical in examining them, but tolerant in permitting linguistic forms. † 6 SEMAN? CAL ANALYSES THAT INCLUDE THE ANALYSIS, INTERPRETA? ON, CLARI+CA? ON OR CONSTRUC? ON OF LANGUAGES OF COMMUNICA? ON, ESPECIALLY languages of science.

Perceptions of Persistence of Memory Essay examples -- Artist Salvador

Perceptions of "Persistence of Memory" Although visual art is looked upon differently by all, everyone has a either a favorite piece or at least something that catches their eye. Personally, I don’t have a piece of art that I would label my absolute favorite, but during a Spanish research project found that Salvador Dali’s work really stood out. â€Å"The Persistence of Memory† painted in 1931 by Dali, a highly renowned surrealist painter, is among the most interesting works I have ever seen. Even though the painting itself is rather simple in quality at first glance, what Dali’s must have been thinking about while creating this work is strikingly complex. The painting is attractive to me because it deals with the concept of time, something that everyone in the universe is continually worried about. Time is evident in the painting because four gold, old fashioned, pocket watches are shown melting away, which is a rather depressing concept to think about. Although it may be hard to think about f or most people, Dali gives and accurately describes how he perceived time as able to decay or melt. The ants crawling on the overturned watch symbolizes that time decay is analogous to insects eating cheese. The painting reminds viewers of the fleeting aspect of time, and that we may not be here tomorrow or the next day. In order to maintain a somber attitude, Dali composed the painting of darker colors with the exception of the largest watch having a bluish hue, and the picturesque mountain landscape being reflected into the sea. The mountain scene strikes me as being a representation of something else that flees away with time; the ability to benefit from what nature has created for its onlookers. Though the conscious and subconscious are... ...ing such cheese throughout his life. It would also make sense because if the clocks represented melting cheese, this is probably why Dali chooses ants to be eating one of the clocks. Similarly, Dali may have seen ants eating cheese on a picnic which created the idea for them to also eat away time or the clocks. Dali’s subconscious appears again with the elongated face in the middle of the painting that also appeared in Dali’s earlier painting, â€Å"The Great Masturbator.† The face is his own, and it originates from the sexual thoughts of his previous painting and the fact that his father made him look at pictures of people with venereal diseases that left him mentally scarred for the rest of his adult life. These impressions made him believe that sex led to putrefaction and/or decay which may also be significant with the decay of the clocks in â€Å"The Persistence of Memory.† Perceptions of Persistence of Memory Essay examples -- Artist Salvador Perceptions of "Persistence of Memory" Although visual art is looked upon differently by all, everyone has a either a favorite piece or at least something that catches their eye. Personally, I don’t have a piece of art that I would label my absolute favorite, but during a Spanish research project found that Salvador Dali’s work really stood out. â€Å"The Persistence of Memory† painted in 1931 by Dali, a highly renowned surrealist painter, is among the most interesting works I have ever seen. Even though the painting itself is rather simple in quality at first glance, what Dali’s must have been thinking about while creating this work is strikingly complex. The painting is attractive to me because it deals with the concept of time, something that everyone in the universe is continually worried about. Time is evident in the painting because four gold, old fashioned, pocket watches are shown melting away, which is a rather depressing concept to think about. Although it may be hard to think about f or most people, Dali gives and accurately describes how he perceived time as able to decay or melt. The ants crawling on the overturned watch symbolizes that time decay is analogous to insects eating cheese. The painting reminds viewers of the fleeting aspect of time, and that we may not be here tomorrow or the next day. In order to maintain a somber attitude, Dali composed the painting of darker colors with the exception of the largest watch having a bluish hue, and the picturesque mountain landscape being reflected into the sea. The mountain scene strikes me as being a representation of something else that flees away with time; the ability to benefit from what nature has created for its onlookers. Though the conscious and subconscious are... ...ing such cheese throughout his life. It would also make sense because if the clocks represented melting cheese, this is probably why Dali chooses ants to be eating one of the clocks. Similarly, Dali may have seen ants eating cheese on a picnic which created the idea for them to also eat away time or the clocks. Dali’s subconscious appears again with the elongated face in the middle of the painting that also appeared in Dali’s earlier painting, â€Å"The Great Masturbator.† The face is his own, and it originates from the sexual thoughts of his previous painting and the fact that his father made him look at pictures of people with venereal diseases that left him mentally scarred for the rest of his adult life. These impressions made him believe that sex led to putrefaction and/or decay which may also be significant with the decay of the clocks in â€Å"The Persistence of Memory.†

Managing Information Essay

Introduction With nearly 40 years’ experience has seen the industry change many times, and has always kept itself at the forefront of that change. Its reputation is a source of pride for all who work here, and it’s something we’re keen to preserve and develop the only way possible: through satisfying our clients. We have developed into a leading multidisciplinary contractor offering a truly comprehensive, integrated service to clients in development, construction, energy and many other sectors. (See appendix 1 for Organisational chart’s of company) My job role within the organisation is quiet a varied one in that my day to day activities are never quite the same, but to summarise my main duties include submitting monthly applications in line with the various contracts worked on for example NEC and JCT to name but a few, attending site progress meetings with a range of clients from the commercial / technical and construction departments, submitting internal applications and working progress, attending internal financial meetings with the Financial Director / Demolition Director and Management Accountant and producing a report with the inclusion of monthly forecasts, attending meetings with Contracts Managers and Estimating director to discuss and produce budget and target sheets, completion of contract sum analysis and end life forecasts which are then discussed and agreed by the Demolition Director, overseeing a wide variety of sub contractors from different construction disciplines used which requires the need to send out tend er packages, raising and awarding sub contract orders, raising of sub contract payments after assessing applications received. All the above assists in the monitoring of various contracts and ensures projects are delivered on time within budget and the client receives maximum satisfaction to secure future work opportunities. 1.0 Understand the Management of Information within the organisation 1.1 Critically assess information flow through a number of different channels within the organisation Throughout the organisation there is various different types of information used which is transferred throughout the organisation in several capacities. Information generally described as below: Production and Operational – Information on assets / quality / standards Financial Information – Profit / Costs / Margins / Cash Flow / Targets Internal Documentation – Purchase Orders / Delivery Notes / Invoices & Applications / Credit Notes / Departmental reports / Department Meetings and minutes / Hire Sheets / Plant Sheets and Information / Allocation Sheets and Plant Returns / Employees Records / Cost Books & Tender Information / Applications and Invoices (Client) All the above is aided with an Integrated Management System ‘This Integrated Management System outlines how Cuddy plans to satisfy the: Quality requirement of ISO9001:2008 (Quality Management System Specification) Health & safety requirements of OHSAS18001:2007 (Occupational Health & Safety Assessment Series 18001) Environmental requirements of ISO14001:2004 (Environmental Management Systems Specification) by operating a framework based on these requirements This Integrated Management System is intended to directly meet the requirements of the following legislation and regulations: Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 – Section 2(3) requires organisations to have a Health & Safety policy which should include: Statement of Intent (i.e. Health & Safety mission) Organisation (i.e. structure, roles & responsibilities) Arrangements (i.e. procedure and guidance) Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations 1999 – Regulation 5 requires organisations to have arrangements for undertaking effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring and review of the preventive and protective health and safety measures. HSG65 Successful Health & Safety Management – This guidance outlines the management system requirements for implementing the arrangements required within regulation 5 of the Management of Health and Safety & Work Regulations 1999. This Integrated Management System will provide the mechanism for managing other legislative, regulatory and other policy requirements (e.g. risk assessment, training, etc).’ Above abstract taken from Cuddy To be read alongside the IMS as an aid is the following: Standard procedures Forms and Guidance Notes Standard Operating Procedures Certificates, Insurances, Licences Policy Statements Standard COSHH and Risk Assessments As touched on there are various different ways in which the information is transferred throughout the organisation with the use of electronic, hard copy and spoken for the various types, all this aids us to capture the different types of hard and soft information we need in order to ensure a project is a successful one. ‘Soft information includes feelings, perceptions, opinions; values on the other hand hard information includes verifiable data and knowledge.’ http://onemind.com/2010/03/07/hard-and-soft-information/ I have touched on how information is transferred internally and specifically in the office and from a manager’s point of view through various different capacities but haven’t gone into depth how information is transferred to the boys on the front line on site. As I currently see it within the company there is clear breakdown in communication from when we tender and win a job to what information is received on site and in particular how the site personnel are managed on that specific job In relation to what exactly we priced. This I believe is impacting on the duration we are taking to complete the job and impacting on the possibility of making the job as successful as possible, also this may have a negative effect on the company as whole whilst tendering for works in the future. As part of the IMS there are procedures in place (listed below), but neither allows for the manner and information to be transferred to site. To summarise from the information that is transferred needs to be clear, simple and set out in the way in which the site supervisor understands what is required in order to ensure the project is successful. Place for Enquiry, tender and contract review Project Delivery As a brief understanding in reference to specifically the Demolition Department we have an estimating director who will visit the sites which require pricing and produce a cost book document which is passed to the  demolition director and managing director for comment before submitting what they believe to be our most competitive tender and or bid. If we are lucky enough to be successful in winning that specific job the cost book along with the tender information will be passed to the relevant contracts manager and quantity surveyor in order to generate a budget / target sheet and an extent of works sheet. This is when the middle managers have the opportunity to raise any queries regarding the job with the estimating director or the demolition director on what exactly has been allowed and priced for. The next step in the current process is for the tender information to be copied and a site file produced and passed to the supervisor in order to carry out the works. The cost book, target / budget sheet is not passed onto site and this is just for reference between the middle managers and directors of the company for the protection of vital information. Therefore I propose we come up with a procedure that will allow the smooth transfer of information to site and give a clear indication of what exactly has been allowed in the tender. In setting this procedure I hope to bridge the gap between site and the information held at the office, and in doing so hold regular meetings with agendas, minutes disturbed. 1.2 Propose improvements to the flow of information within your area of responsibility, based on your organisational assessment Due to my job role being one in which I try to minimise cost and enhance value you for money, I believe in setting clear and simple targets to the Supervisors on site this will empower them and give them incentives and a clear understanding on what needs to be achieved in order to ensure the job awarded becomes a successful and profitable one. As mentioned previously in the current situation the Supervisors are given the tender information and briefly explained the job but in some senses are left to run the job with open ended targets and no clear sense of direction or management, this is turn is causing jobs to run over and us not maximising profitability. Currently the transfer of information from tender stage stops at the middle managers point. The reasons being for this is due to confidentiality of the information contained within the cost book and target / budget sheet and as managers there is information we do not want the site operatives to see. Therefore the first action in the procedure would be to hold a pre start meeting or  initial meeting or the like on site with the following being in attendance. The reason I have listed the below as typically they will be deciding factor on how well a job goes: Relevant Contracts Manager Relevant Quantity Surveyor Relevant Site Supervisor Within this meeting the job as a whole would be discussed briefly only. In demolition for example it is possible to break a general job up into the following categories: Site set up Asbestos Removal Soft Strip Demolition to top of slab Removal of slabs and foundations Crush material Clear Site As you can see from above generally there are a few different categories of work required to be carried out on a typical demolition job. Therefore I believe we should not choose to discuss the whole job in detail but targets given for each individual work activity only, as if we discuss the job in detail this may cause the supervisor to go into his / her shell and be intimidated before the job has even commenced. Therefore within this procedure it will be broken down into the specific work activities and depending on the size of the job these work activates could even be broken up into phases if need be. For example in the first pre start meeting or initial meeting the general site set up would be discussed and particular what is required in respect of cabins / welfare / heras fencing to name a few items and the location of where we intend to site up site. As it currently stands the contracts manager usually sets up the site but I believe if we have the supervisor on board early doors and allow him to have an input of the set up required / location this will give him a sense of pride and authority that he is in charge of the site. What site set up that’s required usually depends on the size of the site but typically this usually takes a week or longer and under current H&S and CDM Regulations 2007 no works are to commence unless the following are in place: Flushing toilets and running water and drainage systems. Washing Facilities with hot and cold water. Soap or other suitable means of cleaning. Towels or other suitable means of drying. Sufficient ventilation and lighting. Sinks large enough to wash face, hands and forearms. Drinking Water. Changing rooms and lockers. Rest Facilities and heating. After initial site set up has been completed another progress meeting will be held on site with a specific target laid out for the work activity in question. Generally on a demolition site Asbestos Removal usually has to take place before we can commence soft strip depending on what type of asbestos and in line with the specific site asbestos report in place. But for example if we take the job as a linear project and the soft strip cannot commence until after the asbestos, then within this meeting we discuss in length the asbestos removal and set a clear target with the input from the supervisor. Typical of example of this target could be again depending on size of the site but take for arguments sake we take it as the site is split up into 5 phases. Phase 1 -10 Men x 6 Weeks Phase 2-5 Men x 3 Weeks Phase 3 -8 Men x 5 Weeks Phase 4 -8 Men x 2 Weeks Phase 5 -6 Men x 6 Weeks The groundwork will put in by the middle managers to ensure the target above is in line with the cost book and or target / budget sheet, and in line with this procedure it will attempt to set it out as basic as possible in order to attempt to take as much pressure off as possible. Weekly progress meeting will be held after the initial meeting in order to reflect on the previous week’s activity. Within this meeting it will be an opportunity for the supervisor to assess his performance and the performance of his team on site, in doing so will be a self appraisal tool for the supervisor without knowing. It will also give the middle managers an update of current position in respect of the targets set out and give an opportunity to amend or change  anything that is not quiet working correctly and keep the things that are. The meetings will continue on a weekly basis with clear targets and open and frank discussions with input from all parties to create a sense of a team as I beli eve this will help with the running of the job. Constant communication will be held throughout on a daily basis to ensure all parties are aware of constant ongoing on site. When works have been completed the final action in the procedure would be to have a post contract meeting again with all parties where all the information is discussed /analysed / targets reviewed and the like. This will be handy in going forward and used as a tool to gather date / information. This information could be fed back to the estimating director and demolition director in order to have the full circle should a similar job arise in the future. The above will be written out in a clear procedure therefore should someone leave the company, or the job being transferred to someone else then everyone will be aware what is required of them. See Appendix 4 for proposed new Procedure By putting in place the above procedure it will aid with spoken, electronic and hard information and the transfer of. Spoken – Due to the nature of the procedure it encourages the daily dialogue between managers and the site supervisors. Hard Copies – Agendas and Minutes will be taken of all meetings taken placed, which will be updated electronically and distributed accordingly. Electronic – Targets will be collated and circulated, along with copy of the minutes. 2.0 Gather and Analyse information to make decisions to solve problems in your area of responsibility 2.1 Collect information from a wide range of sources to support management decision-making Site Managers / Supervisors Verbal examples from site managers / supervisors stating that the lack of information in respect of the scope / tender inclusions is having a negative impact on the overall performance of our jobs. As mentioned this is transferred verbally therefore we will have to take into account of its reliability and validity. As mentioned previously there is a clear breakdown in the flow of information  from when we price and win a job to the information passed onto site and the management of that information in order to make the job as successful as possible. This is readily backed up from verbal conversations with the site supervisors themselves who are unsure of what the extents of works are and the possible impact this is having on the duration of the projects? Specifically within the Construction Industry as a manager the below is at the forefront of every decision we make. The triangle illustrates the relationship between three primary forces in a project. Time is the available time to deliver the project, cost represents the amount of money or resources available and quality represents the fit-to-purpose that the project must achieve to be a success. http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-management-scope-triangle.html But ultimately the decisions we make from site level up the chain to the managing directors determine the outcome. Below is evidence that everyone makes decisions. Above it shows the impact and importance of decisions with regards to the Cuddy Group it is possible to split the three groups up into the following: High Value -Managing Directors and Directors Medium Value-Middle Managers e.g. Contracts Managers and Quantity Surveyors Low Value-Site Managers and Site Personnel Quiet often when making a decision we use past knowledge in order to aid and assist us. Past knowledge or the information that is generally contained within the brains of individuals is generally known as tacit knowledge. This knowledge is continually getting updated and revised depending on learning, experiences and insight. There are various different types of knowledge and this is summarised in various models. One of the widely accepted approaches to summarising knowledge management is the Nonaka & Takeushi, (see appendix 9 for web location) Below are a couple of diagrams showing the matrix. Nonaka & Takeuchi model the process of organisational knowledge creation as a spiral in which knowledge is amplified through these four modes of knowledge  conversion. Quote taken from class notes. Along with the specific project management matrix / flow and knowledge diagrams there is general management information available that will aid in decision making see below. Reliability and Validity Model (see appendix 9 for web location) Knowledge Classifications Model (see appendix 9 for web location) Good decisions make good projects, so what makes a good decision (and, hence, a good project)? The answer is, one that’s well planned. But then you run into the question of how long the decision-making process should take. Well, the last thing we need is a new formal methodology for decision-making—nothing would ever get done. That’s why I’d like to propose several useful rules you can apply to decision-making: Consider the importance of the decision. To determine the importance of a decision, ask yourself: What are the consequences for both the project and for you? In reality, how urgent is the decision? (Note that there’s a difference between important and urgent.) Ask yourself if there are more options. In other words, if you’re choosing between three options, ask yourself if there’s also a fourth option. Think about stakeholders’ opinions. Have you listened to the opinions of stakeholders in the decision? You should. Even though they may not like your ultimate decision, they’ll have to live with it. Concede the fact that you’re going to make some irrational decisions. We often make decisions almost by reflex, using a combination of experience, data analysis, gut feelings, fear, personal preference, and peer pressure. I’m not saying that you shouldn’t take into account your sense of self-preservation, the views of your team, or your recollections about why a previous project caused you grief. You just need to be aware that each new situation demands a clear point of view and a fresh decision; otherwise, the same mistakes will recur. Remember that even some small choices can have big consequences. Don’t underestimate the possibility that major consequences could result from seemingly insignificant choices you make along the way.  http://www.techrepublic.com/article/decisions-decisions-make-them-timely-wisely-and-responsibly/1049740 Along with the information above collated from the web I have also read the following text books / Management books. NLP Pocketbook (see appendix 10) Engaging Employees, A practical guide for busy leaders & managers (see appendix 10) Both books aid management and in particular with decision making. In respect of the NLP Pocketbook it produmitaly focus on yourself and your actions, It works on a SMART goal setting strategy. SMART goal setting is Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and within a defined Time Frame. SSpecific and positive M Measurable and meaningful to you AAchievable and covering all areas of your life, stated in the present tense as if you have achieved it now RRealistic and right for you  TTimes and targeted, towards what you want. In addition to SMART goal setting, NLP incorporates a process called ‘creating a well-formed outcome. Creating a well-formed outcome involves asking a series of questions that will help you clarify your goal. They will help you to ascertain how important the goal is to you, how (if necessary) to revise it and make it more achievable. Well –formed outcome questions: Is the goal stated positively? What do you want? (Eg, wanting to increase company profits rather than a statement about reducing the loss) Can you start and maintain the process of achieving the goal by yourself, and keep it in your control? Does the goal include all the senses? How will you know you have achieved it? What will you feel, see and hear when you have achieved it? What will other people fee, see and say when you have achieved it? Is the context clearly defined? How long will it take? Who will be involved? Where will it take place? How will it be achieved? When do you want it? Have you checked that it is ecological or meaningful for you, ie is it worth the investment in time and money? Does the outcome fit in with your life and who you are? Does the goal keep those aspects of the present situation you want to preserve, ie are there positive elements you wish to maintain? Does it identify the resources you need – those you already have  or those you need to acquir e? What first step must you take? What are the next steps? Abstract directly taken from the NLP Pockebook. But in contrast to the above the Engaging Employees, A practical guide for busy leaders & managers text book focuses predominately on how to get the best out of your team. See contents page taken from the text book to back this up. Is starts with you Planning to communicate Understanding your audience Engaging people in change Face to face matters Team meetings; getting it together High Impact presentations Checking you’re getting through Effective email – at last The write stuff. 2.2 Analyse the information collected from a wide variety of sources, to inform decision-making Project Management Models When project managing a job in construction there are various different types of models that we are able to follow some of which I have given examples of but ultimately the primary focus specifically within the construction industry is the triangle between the three primary forces. Delivering the job on time, within budget to a high standard. Decision making model With the triangle in mind we all have to make decisions of variable impact and volume as is set out in the decision making model. With this in mind managing information and the decisions we make are key. ‘By not making a decision you’re making a decision to not make a decision’ taken from the ILM class notes. The decisions we make as a business ultimately determines how successful the outcome is, and in particular the flow of information within the company to aid our decision making is critical. Therefore before we make  any decisions we have to take into account the impact of the decisions we are making. Nonaka & takeuchi model When making a decision we usually take into account past experiences / doing otherwise defined as Tacit Knowledge. Under the Nonaka & Takeuchi model it explains the relationship and how we can turn Tacit Knowledge into Explicit knowledge which can be readily transmitted to others. Most common forms of explicit knowledge are manual, documents and procedures in our organisation we can relate to the ILM system and the various procedures in place. Please see below which makes good reading. The patent had attempted to be bought by a buyer in other words the tacit knowledge had attempted to be turned into explicit knowledge but due to it possibly not being documented correctly or the manner in which it was presented not being explained correctly it failed. Therefore the tacit knowledge that had been turned into explicit knowledge was little or no use to the buyer. We must bare this in mind if we are relying too heavily on explicit knowledge and in particular how reliable the knowledge is? In the same sense it’s possible to categorise Wikipedia as explicit knowledge but we have to take into account the source and what past experience or where the information originated from before using it to make a decision. ‘Bessemer steel process — Bessemer sold a patent for his advanced steel making process and was sued by the purchasers who couldn’t get it to work. In the end Bessemer set up his own steel company because he knew how to do it, even though he could not convey it to his patent users. Bessemer’s company became one of the largest in the world and changed the face of steel making.[15]’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacit_knowledge Measuring Validity and Reliability model When gathering information to make a decision we must take in the validity and reliability of what we looking to achieve. Especially within the construction industry there is specific ways in which to measure or calculate something and this can be best described as the below. Reliability Reliability refers to how consistent a measuring device is. A measurement is said to be reliable or consistent if the measurement can produce similar  results if used again in similar circumstances. For example, if a speedometer gave the same readings at the same speed it would be reliable. If it didn’t it would be pretty useless and unreliable. Importantly reliability of self-report measures, such as psychometric tests and questionnaires can be assessed using the split half method. This involves splitting a test into two and having the same participant doing both halves of the test. If the two halves of the test provide similar results this would suggest that the test has internal reliability. http://www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htm In respect of validity this refers to the extent of what we are measuring and what we hope to measure. Validity This refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine. Questionnaires are said to often lack validity for a number of reasons. Participants may lie; give answers that are desired and so on. It is argued that qualitative data is more valid than quantitative data. http://www.holah.karoo.net/reliabilityandvalidity.htm Both the reliability and validity have categories in themselves in which we can use to measure if they are achieving what we set out to achieve. To summarise we need to be mindful if we are using specific data or gathered information if it’s reliable and valid in terms of what we are hoping to achieve and fit for purpose. Information to Knowledge Management With respect of the next model it gives us an insight of how the ever evolving computer industry and in particular the capacity to store and distribute data / information is enabling personnel learning and also the capacity to make correct decision in going forward. Given an example that is relevant to the Cuddy group is the below. We are able to save / store and distribute raw facts and figures on a particular job and in doing so we are able to see if a job was successful in respect of profit? We then can move  on to give meaning to the obtained data in respect of information and give reasons why that job was successful? We then can analyse the derived information and understand what we did well on that job. This will then give us the wisdom going forward to know what to do for the best on other jobs. As mentioned evolving technology is aiding us with the transfer and storing of this information and aiding us with the capability of personnel learning. There are various examples and models that differ slightly some of which I have given examples but all cover the above. General Management Tools As the assignment is targeted at middle managers I have looked into the impact that decisions have and what to consider before making decisions? As a rule the following applies: Consider the importance of the decision Ask yourself if there are more options Think about stakeholders opinions Concede you’re going to make some irrational decisions Remember that even small choice have big consequences I also looked into how SMART goal setting and how to engage with employees. 2.3 Use this analysis of information to make and justify a management decision Using the analysis and the information collated along with the procedure I believe this will better the flow of information throughout the company. The triangle The procedure will aid with delivering the job on time within budget and to a high standard. Delivering the job on time – By having weekly meetings on site and the constant daily dialogue this should enable any problems to be caught at an early stage and thus giving time to nip in the bud the potential to impact on progress and in particular the end date which quiet often is key to a job being a successful one from a clients point of view. Within Budget – Due to the procedure allowing for a review of the target v actual on a weekly basis this will enable weekly monitoring of the budget to ensure everything is on track, atm there if only an allowance of monthly reporting and it’s possible for any job to change dramatically from month to month. High Standard – Again as the procedure allows for the contracts  manager / quantity surveyor to visit site at least once a week with the supervisor having chance to put his / hers views across together this should r aise standards. Decision making model In reference to the procedure this will reiterate the fact that everyone makes decisions especially as minutes will be keep, actions assigned and closed out as and when this occurs. Nonaka & Takeuchi Model With the procedure in place it will allow for smoother transfer of tacit knowledge into Explicit Knowledge. This will be done by taking minutes; monitoring progress against targets and reporting this information back to directors / managing directors in order to have the full cycle. Validity and Reliability Under the procedure progress meetings will be held on site this will allow us to audit and monitor the reliability and the validity of the information we are being told by the site manager / supervisor. This will be used as a checking tool before information is transferred around the company to directors and managing directors alike. Knowledge Management With the procedure set in place where minutes are taken / targets are monitored it will allow for us to save / store and distribute raw facts. Also with the weekly minutes we will be to give meaning to the obtained data for example why we missed out specific targets? Why we bettered targets? From this then we can analyse the information and understand how and why? This will then enable us to make the correct decisions in going forward. Along with the analysing the above models and information, I have taking account of why from a managers point of view why the procedure in place will aid with the running of jobs on site and the transfer of information. With regards to the current situation of producing the cost book that is translated to a target / budget sheet, this information will be little or no use to the supervisor for a number of reasons listed below: Information Overload – Due to the nature of the document this may cause confusion in the way the document is set out, therefore as set out in the procedure by breaking things the whole job down into specific tasks this will more than  likely take the pressure off and give a clear understanding of what is required and expected off of them. This is likely to make them less intimated and more confident as if they are clear More hands on and practical – The academic level of a supervisor generally is not the same as what we would normally expect from a middle manager in that the cost book / target and budget sheet will not be fit for purpose if passed onto the supervisor, therefore the information should be broken down so it is easily understood. Team ethos – As it currently stands the information is passed to the supervisor with no clear direction and management give, therefore by employing the proposed procedure this will then bridge the gap and increase the we are in it together approach. Why will meetings be held face to face? Sense of Importance – By making the effort to travel to site, as typically our sites are all of the United Kingdom then this will instil into the supervisor the confidence he needs in that he got your support should he need it. Ability – may not be able to use the computer therefore face to face will enable supervisors to have an opportunity to contribute their input without feeling intimidated Sense of importance – By holding the meetings face to face this will enable them to feel like they got you in their corner and in doing so should create a clear divide from site operatives to supervisors. Meetings more personnel – Generally meetings face to face are more personnel and can be structured better with agendas / minutes and the like assisting Why will the supervisor in respect of the site operatives be the only site member to be part of the meeting? Clear level of management between site operatives / supervisors and middle managers – This will empower the site supervisors and in doing have a clear barrier between the site operatives and himself. Self Worth – It will also give the site supervisor the self worth and mutual respect between himself and the middle manager, hopefully this should increase productivity as he is likely to want to do more for the middle manager if he believes he has the respect. Respect earns respect! Company generally uses agency Labour – As touched on previously due to the company operating throughout the company there is the need to employ agency labour, by having weekly meetings with the supervisor in attendance again this is creating a clear structure. How the meetings should be conducted? Ability – plenty of discussions questions to ensure supervisor gets points you’re making. Allow supervisor to have their say and input – By asking questions this will allow supervisor to have their say and input. Informally rather than formally, don’t want supervisor to feel under spotlight – Due to the nature of the construction industry and especially on site it is rather informal, therefore if the meetings are held in the same manner this should enable the middle line managers to get the most out of the supervisors. From analysing the various different models and combining with general middle management responsibilities I believe the procedure I have put in place will significantly help with the transfer of information from site to board level alike. 3.0 Disseminate information on a management decision, through the right organisational channels 3.1 Communicate information to team member or other colleagues to meet business objectives, using appropriate organisational channels In reference to the procedure set up this should allow for the constant communication of how a specific job is performing from site level to the board of directors and in particular through the correct organisational channel. To elaborate on the above; Site Supervisors will have constant dialogue with middle managers on a daily basis, with a weekly progress held on site to discuss performance. Munities of the meeting with be typed up and performance analysed with knowledge added to explain how performance is operating? Are we going to hit our target? Be on time? Within budget? To name a few of the questions answered? This will then in turn be disrupted to the relevant director, finance director and the management accountant. This will then be discussed on weekly basis in the departmental weekly progress meeting, and the fortnightly Trading Review meeting with finance with the relevant directors. This in turn then can be reported back to the MD by the relevant directors when board level meeting happens. As you can see from the procedure put in place we will allow for the reporting from site to board of directors level to be on a weekly basis rather than a monthly as is currently in place, this in turn will give us every opportunity possible to achieve the best possible  outcome in respect of the construction triangle. Delivering the job on time, within budget to a high standard. 3.2 Communicate information to stakeholders or customers to meet business objectives In reference to the procedure as mentioned previously this will allow for the constant flow of information from site to managing directors (stakeholders) to be done on a weekly basis. In respect of customers or clients quiet the construction triangle is key, therefore by having weekly progress meetings this information will be able to be fed back to the client, giving them the confidence that we are putting their needs first ‘the customer is always right ethos’

Learning Styles and Theories Essay

There are multiple learning styles and theories that apply to individuals in multiple ways. The VARK learning style that my analysis revealed is read/write according to the questionnaire by Fleming (2001-2014). This categorization of my learning style compliments me well and I definitely agree that actually seeing the information spelled out in front of me allows me to better understand the information. The two learning theories that relate to my VARK learning style are behaviorism and constructivism. Behaviorism focusing on a clear goal with an automatic response and constructivism affording me the ability to problem solve. Being an andragogical learner I’m able to apply what I’ve learned during my pedagogical phase to my educational experiences. Let’s take a closer look at what behaviorism entails. Behaviorism focuses on the observable changes in behavior. Moreover, it’s the act of doing something new several times until it’s second nature. A prime example is while completing schoolwork the instructor provides continuous positive reinforcement; depending upon the grade the student will constantly modify their behavior until they receive positive reinforcement. According to Watson (n.d.) behaviorism’s goal is to explain relationships between precedent conditions (stimuli), behavior (responses), and consequences (reward, punishment, or neutral effect). Without the positive reinforcement the learned responses that the student exhibits will diminish. My VARK learning style relates to behaviorism by me receiving positive reinforcement through written praise; additionally, with good grades I will continue performing at the same level. Once I’ve developed an understanding of how a task needs to be accomplished I will tailor my actions towards that behavior to continue to receive that positive reinforcement and it becomes second nature. Along with observable changes in behavior, one-step further looks into constructivism and it’s aim on brain-based learning. Constructivism relies on what the learner already knows and the understanding of the subject at hand. Moreover, building new ideas or concepts are based upon current knowledge and past experiences and amplifies when actively engaged. According to Brunner (n.d.) the three stages of  intellectual development are enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Enactive is learning through actions on physical objects and the outcomes, iconic learning is through models and pictures, and lastly symbolic learning is the ability to think in abstract terms (Brunner, n.d.). Constructivism relates to my VARK learning style in the aspect that learning is ongoing and by reading and writing I’m constantly improving my skills and perception. There can be multiple interpretations of an excerpt of literature, therefore by having someone facilitate the learning process with the knowledge of my baseline understanding of the topic at hand that person can build upon it. Thus, my VARK learning style suggests I write out words repeatedly or read them to myself, which goes along with reviewing information multiple times, and learning takes time according to the principles of constructivism. As an adult learner my identified VARK learning style affects my educational pursuit positively. Falling into andragogical learning realm I have more experiences and therefore I can apply those experiences while learning. Adult learners take on the responsibility to be self-directed, and have a wealth of experience that enables them to transform information into meaningful cognitive and reality-based applications (Minter, 2011, p. 9). In retrospect the pedagogical concept requires the instructor to be more directive, placing students in a more passive role, and that students don’t have the motivation or maturity to be self-directed learners (Minter, 2011, p. 9). Applying active learning concepts such as reading and writing allows me to actively be categorized under the andragogical concept. Moreover, by writing and speaking the words to myself and reflecting to solve problems I’m practicing the concept of self-directed and problem-centered aspects of andragogical learni ng. Therefore, I will be able to apply my VARK learning style to complete my educational endeavors and continue on my path of success. The three learning theories of Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism can be applied to any of the four learning styles (visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic). I feel that we cannot generalize that a student will be classified solely under one learning style, they will adapt and apply what is more appropriate given the information or circumstances.  The learning theory used depends upon the learning situation. Being identified as an andragogical learner I’m able to apply life experiences, need to know, relevance of the subject matter and how it applies to me, and use my motivation to further my educational goals with the guidance of instructors that are more like facilitators. Malcolm Knowles paved the path for educators and students alike that entail specific learning principles to enable learners to thrive educationally and without his significant contribution who knows where we would be today. References Bruner, J. (n.d.). Constructivism & Discovery Learning. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles- inc.com/Learningtheories/constructivism/bruner.html Fleming, N. D. (2001-2014). Retrieved from http://www.vark-learn.com/english/index.asp Minter, R. (2011). The Learning Theory Jungle. Journal of College Teaching and Learning, 8(6), 9. Watson, J. B. (n.d.). Behaviorism. Retrieved from http://www.lifecircles-inc.com/Learningtheories/behaviorism/Watson.html